glm - R: GLMM glmer vs glmmPQL -

what syntax in glmmpql multiple random effects?

with glmer code looks like:

fit<- glmer(a~b+c+ (1 | d)+ (1 | e), family = gaussian, data=data) 

how rewrite same exact thing using glmmpql?

i trying:

fit<- glmmpql(a~b+c, random=c (~1 | d, ~1 | e), family = gaussian, data=data) 

but gives error.

and major difference between glmer , glmmpql?

based on example provided, model glmmpql specified as:

fit <- glmmpql(a ~ b + c, random = list(d = ~1, e = ~1), family = gaussian, data = data) 

afaik, major difference between glmer (which provided package lme4) , glmmpql (which relies on function lme, nlme pacakge) parameter estimation algorithm used in nlme not optimized dealing crossed random effects, associated sparse design matrix, while lme4 takes advantage of structure; see, e.g., pinheiro & bates, "mixed-effects models in s , s-plus", springer, 2000, pp. 163. further references on differences between lmer/glmer , lme usual:

https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/64226/lme-and-lmer-comparison https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-help/2006-october/115572.html